December 10, 2025
This paper examines the European Commission’s proposal for an optional “28th Regime”, a single, EU-wide corporate framework intended to reduce regulatory fragmentation and strengthen Europe’s competitiveness.
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- cash
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- catalonia
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- central bank
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- Charles de Gaulle
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- compliance costs
- compliance spillovers
- constitution
- consultation processes
- consumer freedom
- consumer rights
- consumers
- consumption
- cooperation
- copyright
- coronavirus
- corporate law
- corporate tax
- corporation tax
- corporations
- corruption in defense
- cost of living
- cost of living crisis
- costs
- COVID
- COVID-19
- credit
- crises
- crisis
- Croatia
- crops
- crypto
- cryptocurrency
- culture
- culture wars
- currency
- Currency Reserves
- customers
- customs union
- cyber security
- cybersecurity
- cybersecurity reporting
- cyprus
- Czech Republic
- Danish economy
- Danish EU presidency
- Dark Patterns
- data
- Data Act
- Data privacy
- data protection
- debt
- debt and cohesion
- debt redistribution
- decarbonisation
- decentralisation
- decentralized finance
- decolonisation
- defence
- defence investment
- defence policy
- defence spending
- defense escape clause
- defense investment
- defense modernization
- defense sector reform
- deflation
- democracy
- democratic peace theory
- demographic crisis
- denmark
- Denmark economy
- Denmark EU Presidency
- dependency
- dependency trap
- deregulation
- deregulation Regulatory Laffer Curve Regulatory Impact Assessments
- development
- dictatorship
- diet
- Digital
- Digital Code
- Digital Economy
- digital euro
- Digital Fairness Act
- Digital Gold
- digital marekts
- digital markets
- digital markets act
- Digital Omnibus Package
- digital platforms
- digital regulation
- digital revolution
- digital sector
- Digital Services Act
- Digital Sovereignty
- Digital Taxation
- digitalisation
- Directives
- director
- discrimination
- DMA
- dollar
- dollarisation
- domestic
- donald trump
- Donald Trump tariffs
- DORA
- Draghi report
- driverless cars
- drugs
- e-cigarettes
- Eastern Europe
- ECB
- ecj
- economic analysis
- Economic Challenges
- Economic Competitiveness
- economic crises
- economic crisis
- economic decline
- economic diplomacy
- economic freedom
- economic growth
- economic integration
- economic migrants
- economic performance
- economic policy
- economic reform
- Economic Reforms
- economic security
- economic stagnation
- economic theory
- economics
- economy
- education
- egovernance
- elections
- electric cars
- Electricity Market Integration
- electricity prices
- elon musk
- emergency
- emissions
- emissions trading
- employment
- employment flexibility
- employment protection
- energy
- energy competition
- Energy Competitiveness
- energy crisis
- energy imports
- energy market
- Energy Market Reform
- energy markets
- energy policy
- Energy Prices
- energy security
- energy taxation
- energy transition
- Energy Union
- energy-environment
- enlargement
- enterprise
- entrepreneurship
- environment
- environmental
- environmental policy
- environmental regulation
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- epicenter
- epicenter. hayek
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- EU-india
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- eu27
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- euro
- euro adoption
- europe
- Europe alcohol regulation
- Europe rankings
- European capital markets
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- European Commission
- European Commission 2024
- European Commission debt limits
- European competitiveness
- European Council
- european court
- European defence
- European economy
- European fiscal policy
- European industrial policy
- European industry
- European Innovation Gap
- European Parliament
- European Payments
- European pensions
- European security
- european single market
- European Union
- European Union reform
- European Union trade policy
- euroscepticism
- Eurozone
- eurozone crisis
- EV
- evidence
- evidence based policy
- evidence-based
- exchange
- exchange rate
- excise duties
- expenditure
- export restrictions
- extractive institutions
- extremism
- fake news
- far left
- far right
- farmer strikes
- farming
- fascism
- FDI
- Federal Reserve
- Finance
- finance policy
- financial centre
- financial crises
- Financial Crisis
- financial growth
- Financial Inclusion
- Financial Innovation
- financial markets
- financial regulation
- financial sanctions
- financial stability
- Fintech
- fiscal
- fiscal challenges
- fiscal crisis
- fiscal drag
- fiscal flexibility
- fiscal policy
- Fiscal Reform
- fiscal responsibility
- fiscal sustainability
- Fiscal Union
- fiscal-tax
- fiscal-taxation
- fishery policy
- flat-rate tax
- food
- food restrictions
- foreign
- foreign-policy
- fracking
- France
- France DST
- France economic policy
- France policy
- free market
- free market reform
- free markets
- free movement
- free speech
- free trade
- Free Trade Agreements
- free-riding
- freedom
- freedom of movement
- French economy
- french pensions
- French public debt
- Friedrich Merz
- frugal four
- FTX
- future
- G7
- GAFAM Tax
- Gatekeepers
- GCC
- GDP
- GDPR
- GDPR simplification
- gender
- gender equality
- gender pay gap
- general election
- generational
- geopolitical strategy
- geopolitics
- German debt brake
- German Economy
- German fiscal policy
- Germany
- Germany defense policy
- gig economy
- Giorgetti
- global
- global challenges
- global corporation tax
- Global Economy
- global freedom
- global south
- global trade order
- global warming
- globalisation
- globalisation index
- globalization
- GM crops
- GMO paradox
- GMOs
- Gold Reserves
- goods
- governance
- government
- government intervention
- government spending
- governments
- gowth
- grassroots movement
- Great Prayer Day reform
- greece
- greedflation
- greek crisis
- green migration
- green transition
- greenhouse gas emissions
- Group of Thirty
- growth
- hamas
- harm reduction
- Hayek
- health
- health policy
- Health-lifestyle
- healthcare
- hicp
- housing
- housing crisis
- housing policy
- hybrid work
- hydropower
- ideology
- illiberalism
- illicit trade
- imf
- immigration
- immigration policy
- impact assessments
- income
- income inequality
- index
- india
- individual choices
- industrial policy
- industry
- inequality
- Inflation
- Inflation Hedge
- infrastructure
- inheritance tax
- innovation
- innovation and competition
- innovation gap
- Innovation Policy
- innovations
- Institute for Market Economics
- institutions
- insurance
- Integration
- interest rates
- internal markets
- internal tariffs
- international law
- international monetary fund
- international relations
- internet
- Interoperability
- interventionism
- interventions
- investing
- investment
- investment climate
- ireland
- ISDS
- isolationist
- israel
- Italian budget law
- Italian politics
- Italy
- javier milei
- JEFTA
- jobs
- joint borrowing
- joint borrowing risks
- joint EU debt
- junk food
- justice
- Kevin Warsh
- labour
- labour force
- labour market
- labour markets
- labour migration
- labour policy
- latvia
- law
- Laws
- left wing populism
- left-wing
- legislation
- legislative drafting
- legitimacy
- lending
- liberal
- liberal international order
- liberalisation
- liberalism
- liberty
- licensing laws
- lifestyle
- lifestyle regulation
- lifestyle regulations
- lithuania
- loan
- loans
- lockdown
- London
- low emissions
- low taxes
- low-growth
- low-income
- Luddite politics
- Maastricht Treaty
- maastrict criteria
- Mario Draghi
- market
- market entry barriers
- Market Integration
- market intervention
- market liberalisation
- market power
- market regulations
- market solutions
- marketing
- markets
- measurements
- media
- Mediterranean
- Mercosur
- merkel
- Meta
- Mette Frederiksen
- MiFID II
- migration
- migration crisis
- migration policy
- milei
- military expenditure
- military rearmament
- military spending
- military-industrial complex
- Minimum corporation tax
- minimum wage
- minimun wage
- Mission Creep
- mobile phones
- modern state
- monetary
- Monetary Policy
- money market
- monopolistic abuse
- monopoly
- multinationals
- musk
- mutual recognition
- nanny state
- nanny state index
- nanny statism
- national sovereignty
- nationalism
- native workers
- nato
- NATO eastern flank
- natural gas
- negociations
- negotiations
- neocolonialism
- neoliberalism
- net neutrality
- net zero 2050
- Netherlands
- NextGenerationEU
- NGO
- nicotine
- NIS2
- non-performing loans
- nord
- nord stream
- north-south transfer
- Norway
- nuclear
- nuclear energy
- nuclear power
- nutrition
- oecd
- offshoring
- online
- Online Markets
- online platforms
- Open Banking
- open borders
- ordoliberalism
- organised crime
- output
- outsourcing
- overregulation
- overspending
- oxfam
- pandemic
- Paris Agreement
- parliament
- paternalism
- peace
- pension reform
- pension reform Denmark
- pension systems
- pensions
- pensions crisis
- personal freedom
- Pigouvian tax
- piketty
- platform
- platform fragmentation
- Platform security
- platform workers
- poland
- Poland vs Belarus
- polarisation
- policy
- policy makig
- policy making
- policy paper
- policy reform
- policymaking
- political economy
- political instability
- politics
- Politics and Central Banking
- populism
- populist parties
- portugal
- post
- post-communist transition
- poverty
- president
- price caps
- price stability
- pricing
- primary market
- principles of trade
- privacy
- Privacy Concerns
- private
- private investment
- privatisation
- Production Tax
- profit
- progress
- prosperity
- protectionism
- public accounts
- public administration
- public choice theory
- public debt
- public entitlement
- public finance reforms
- public finances
- public h
- public health
- public health policy
- public investment
- public policy
- public protests
- public sector
- public spending France
- putin
- quality of life
- Quantitative Easing
- radical
- ratios
- recommendation
- red tape
- redistribution
- referendum
- reform
- refugee
- refugees
- regulation
- regulations
- Regulatory Burden
- regulatory burden reduction
- regulatory costs
- regulatory enforcement
- regulatory quality
- regulatory reform
- Regulatory Simplification
- remote work
- renewable energy
- rent
- rent control
- rent-seeking
- rental market
- research
- reselling
- restrictions
- retail competition
- retirement savings
- revolution
- right wing populism
- right-wing politics
- rights
- risk management
- robot tax
- robots
- Romania
- Romania defense industry
- ROMARM privatization
- rule of law
- russia
- Russia sanctions
- Russian gas
- salaries
- sanctions
- Scandinavia
- scarcity
- Schengen
- Schuldenbremse
- science
- scotland
- sea policy
- secession
- secondary markets
- security
- selective incentives
- SEPA
- seperatism
- services
- shadow economy
- shadow markets
- shareholders
- sharing economy
- shein
- shock therapy
- short-term rentals
- Sideloading
- Simplification Agenda
- sin tax
- sin taxes
- single market
- single market integration
- SIPRI data
- Slovak economy
- Slovakia
- small modular reactors
- SME barriers
- SME Relief Package
- SMEs
- SMEs and Innovation
- smoking
- snus
- social contribution
- social media
- social mobility
- social security
- socialism
- society
- solar energy
- sovereign debt
- sovereignty
- space
- spain
- Spain policy
- specialization
- spending
- stability
- stagnation
- startups and scaleups
- state
- state aid
- state budget 2026
- state control
- state funding
- state intervention
- state paternalism
- state spending
- state welfare
- state-enforced
- state-owned enterprises
- statutory
- stock market
- stream
- subsidiarity and proportionality
- subsidies
- subsidys
- sugar tax
- surveys
- sustainability
- sweden
- Switzerland
- TAP
- TAP 2024
- tariff
- tarrifs
- Tax
- tax avoidance
- Tax Burden Shift
- Tax Cartel
- tax evasion
- tax increases
- tax rate
- taxation
- taxation policy
- taxes
- taxi
- taxis
- taxonomy
- tech
- tech giant
- Tech Giant Taxes
- tech giants
- tech policy
- Tech regulation
- tech sector
- Tech Sovereignty
- tech-digital
- tech-digitalisation
- technological innovation
- technological neutrality
- technology
- technology-and-digital
- telecoms
- temu
- terrorism
- the left
- thinktank
- threat
- tickets
- Timbro Authoritarian Populism Index
- Timbro Authoritarian Populism Index 2024
- tobacco
- tobacco policies
- tobacco taxation
- trade
- trade barriers
- trade deal
- trade impact
- Trade Liberalisation
- trade policy
- trade tarrifs
- trade tensions
- trade war
- trade wars
- transaction costs
- transatlantic
- transatlantic relations
- transformations
- travel
- treaty compliance
- trump
- Trump Retaliation
- TTIP
- turkey
- U.S.-China relations
- Uber
- uk
- UK policy
- UK-EU
- UK-EU relations
- ukraine
- Ukraine war
- unemployment
- Union
- united kingdom
- united states presidental election
- Unites Kingdom
- universal
- universal basic income
- university
- unsustainable
- Ursula von der Leyen
- US
- US Tax War
- US-EU deal 2025
- US–EU tensions
- USA
- USA policy
- vaccine
- vaccine mandate
- Valdis Dombrovskis
- value chains
- vaping
- vaping bans
- venture capital
- vestager
- Vietnam
- visa
- Von der Leyen Commission
- voter support
- voting
- wage disparities
- Wealth Creation
- wealth distribution
- web tax
- welfare
- welfare state
- WHO best buys
- wind energy
- windfall tax
- work from home
- world
- world politics
- WTO reform
- x
- X Twitter fine
- youth employment
- Youth Mobility Scheme
July 30, 2025
The unintended, but so far most relevant, consequence of Trumpian protectionism has been to make us realise that protectionism does not suit us.
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