September 16, 2026
This briefing examines the European Union’s Packaging and Packaging Waste Regulation (PPWR) and its approach to reducing packaging waste through greater reuse, recycling and resource efficiency.
- Filter by
- Categories
- Tags
- Authors
- Show all
- All
- Agriculture Publications
- Blog
- Briefings
- Digital Briefings
- Digital Publications
- Energy & Environment Briefings
- Energy & Environment Publications
- Finance Briefings
- Finance Publications
- Fiscal & Taxation Briefings
- Fiscal & Taxation Publications
- Foreign Policy Briefings
- Foreign Policy Publications
- Health & Lifestyle Briefings
- Health & Lifestyle Publications
- Media
- Publications
- Regulation Briefings
- Regulation Publications
- Rule of Law Briefings
- Rule of Law Publications
- Trade Briefings
- Trade Publications
- All
- 28th Regime
- 5G
- accession
- addiction
- advertising
- advertising bans
- advocacy
- Affordable Energy
- Afghanistan
- Áfram Ísland
- Africa
- ageing population
- ageing population Europe
- agreements
- agriculture
- AI
- AI Act
- AI Act adjustments
- AI assistants
- AI governance
- aid
- Airbnb tax
- alcohol
- alcohol policy
- alcohol taxation
- alcohol taxes
- alt-right
- Althing
- america
- Anders Åslund
- android
- annual revenue
- anti-democratic
- antitrust
- Apple
- argentina
- arms industry
- arti
- artificial intelligence
- Artificial Intelligence Act
- artificial intelligence regulation
- association agreement
- asylum
- austerity
- australasian
- australia
- authoritarian
- authoritarian populism
- authoritarianism
- Autocracy Playbook
- automobiles
- aviation
- bailouts
- Balkans
- baltics
- bank
- bank system
- banking
- banking systems
- bans
- barriers
- barriers to trade
- behavioral economics
- behaviour
- better regulation
- Big Data
- Big Pharma
- big tech
- billionaires
- biodiversity
- biomass
- bitcoin
- Black Friday
- black market
- Black Sea gas
- blockchain
- bonds
- book review
- borders
- breton
- brexit
- British economy
- Brussels Effect
- budget
- budget deficit
- budget deficits
- budget surplus Denmark
- Bulgaria
- Bulgaria military budget
- Bundesbank
- bureaucracy
- bureaucracy index
- Bureaucracy Reduction
- Bureaucratic Reform
- business
- business environment
- Business Regulation
- business regulations
- business-friendly countries
- Buy European
- CAP
- CAP budget
- cap subsidies
- capital markets
- capitalism
- capitalization
- Carbon Border Adjustment Mechanism
- carbon border tax
- carbon capture
- carbon leakage
- carbon pricing
- carbon reduction strategy
- carbon tax
- cash
- cash flows
- catalonia
- CBAM
- cbcd
- CBDC
- CDU/CSU
- CEE
- Central and Eastern Europe
- central bank
- Central Bank Credibility
- central bank digital currency
- Central Bank Independence
- Central Banking
- centralisation
- CEPOS
- CER
- CETA
- chargers
- Charles de Gaulle
- china
- cigarette smuggling
- Circular Economy
- CIT
- classical liberal international relations
- classical liberalism
- Clean Elections
- clean energy
- Clean Industrial Deal
- climate
- climate anxiety
- climate change
- climate crisis
- climate economics
- climate policy
- climate policy reform
- Cloud Computing
- Co-operation
- CO2
- coalition
- cohesion policy
- Cold War
- commerce
- Commission
- commission fees
- common agricultural policy
- common market
- Comparative Advantage
- competition
- competition law
- Competition policy
- competitiveness
- competitiveness index
- compliance costs
- compliance spillovers
- constitution
- consultation processes
- Consumer Benefits
- consumer freedom
- consumer rights
- consumers
- consumption
- Cookie Consent
- cooperation
- copyright
- coronavirus
- corporate law
- corporate tax
- corporation tax
- corporations
- corruption in defense
- cost benefit analysis
- cost of living
- cost of living crisis
- costs
- COVID
- COVID-19
- credit
- crises
- crisis
- Croatia
- crops
- Cross-Border Shopping
- crypto
- cryptocurrency
- culture
- culture wars
- currency
- Currency Reserves
- customers
- customs union
- Cyber Resilience Act
- cyber security
- cybersecurity
- cybersecurity reporting
- cyprus
- Czech Republic
- Danish defence spending
- Danish economy
- Danish EU presidency
- Dark Patterns
- data
- Data Act
- Data privacy
- data protection
- debt
- debt and cohesion
- debt redistribution
- decarbonisation
- decentralisation
- decentralized finance
- decolonisation
- defence
- defence financing
- defence investment
- defence policy
- defence spending
- defense escape clause
- defense investment
- defense modernization
- defense sector reform
- deflation
- democracy
- Democratic Backsliding
- democratic peace theory
- demographic crisis
- denmark
- Denmark economy
- Denmark EU Presidency
- dependency
- dependency trap
- deregulation
- Deregulation Europe
- deregulation Regulatory Laffer Curve Regulatory Impact Assessments
- development
- dictatorship
- diet
- Digital
- Digital Advertising
- Digital Code
- digital competition
- Digital Economy
- digital euro
- Digital Fairness Act
- Digital Gold
- digital marekts
- digital markets
- digital markets act
- Digital Omnibus
- Digital Omnibus Package
- digital platforms
- Digital Policy
- Digital Product Passport
- digital regulation
- digital revolution
- digital sector
- Digital Services Act
- Digital Single Market
- Digital Sovereignty
- Digital Taxation
- digitalisation
- Directives
- director
- discrimination
- DMA
- dollar
- dollarisation
- domestic
- donald trump
- Donald Trump tariffs
- DORA
- Draghi report
- driverless cars
- drug innovation
- drug prices
- drugs
- E-Cigarette Taxation
- e-cigarettes
- Eastern Europe
- ECB
- ecj
- Ecodesign Regulation
- economic analysis
- Economic Challenges
- Economic Competitiveness
- economic crises
- economic crisis
- economic decline
- economic diplomacy
- economic freedom
- economic growth
- Economic Growth Europe
- Economic incentives
- economic integration
- economic liberalism
- economic migrants
- economic performance
- economic policy
- economic policy Germany
- economic reform
- Economic Reforms
- economic security
- economic stagnation
- economic theory
- economics
- economy
- education
- egovernance
- elections
- electric cars
- Electricity Market Integration
- electricity prices
- Electrification targets
- elon musk
- emergency
- emissions
- emissions trading
- Emissions Trading System
- employment
- employment flexibility
- employment protection
- energy
- energy competition
- Energy Competitiveness
- energy crisis
- energy imports
- energy market
- Energy Market Reform
- energy markets
- energy policy
- Energy Prices
- energy security
- energy taxation
- energy transition
- Energy Union
- energy-environment
- enlargement
- enterprise
- entrepreneurship
- environment
- environmental
- environmental policy
- environmental regulation
- EP
- epicenter
- EPICENTER research
- epicenter. hayek
- ePrivacy Directive
- equality
- equity market
- ESG
- ESPR
- Estonia
- ethics
- ETS reform
- EU
- EU accession
- EU agriculture policy
- EU banking
- Eu budget
- EU centralisation
- EU climate policy
- EU climate targets
- EU Commission
- EU Competitiveness
- EU Consumer Protection
- EU data protection
- EU debt
- EU debt crisis
- EU defense spending
- EU deficit rules
- EU digital
- EU digital markets
- EU Digital Omnibus
- EU digital regulation
- EU digitalisation
- EU directives
- EU Economic Growth
- EU economic stability
- EU economy
- EU elections
- EU Emissions Trading System
- EU energy
- EU energy policy
- EU environmental policy
- EU ETS
- EU Exports
- EU finance
- EU finance policy
- EU fiscal policy
- EU fiscal rules
- EU fishing
- EU foreign policy
- EU governance
- EU growth
- EU healthcare
- EU industrial policy
- EU industry
- EU integration
- EU joint debt
- EU labour
- EU lawmaking
- EU market
- EU membership
- EU migration
- EU monetary policy
- EU policy
- EU policy reform
- EU politics
- EU refugees
- EU regulation
- EU Regulatory Burden
- EU Regulatory Observatory
- EU relations
- EU sanctions
- EU single market
- EU Spending
- eu tax
- EU tax policy
- EU Taxation
- EU taxpayers
- EU tech
- EU tech policy
- EU Tobacco Tax
- EU trade
- EU trade policy
- EU transport infrastructure
- EU workers
- EU-Africa
- eu-asia
- EU-Australia
- eu-china
- EU-india
- eu-japan
- EU-Mercosur
- EU-Mercosur Agreement
- EU-Mercosur Deal
- EU-Russia
- EU-UK
- EU-US trade relations
- EU-USA
- eu27
- Eurasia
- euro
- euro adoption
- europe
- Europe alcohol regulation
- Europe rankings
- European capital markets
- European Central Bank
- European Chips Act
- European Commission
- European Commission 2024
- European Commission debt limits
- European competitiveness
- European Council
- european court
- European defence
- European economy
- European fiscal policy
- European Green Deal
- European healthcare
- European industrial policy
- European industry
- European innovation
- European Innovation Gap
- European Parliament
- European Parliament Vote
- European Payments
- European pensions
- European security
- european single market
- European Union
- European Union policy
- European Union reform
- European Union trade policy
- euroscepticism
- Eurozone
- eurozone crisis
- eurozone rules
- EV
- evidence
- evidence based policy
- evidence-based
- evidence-based policymaking
- exchange
- exchange rate
- excise duties
- Excise Duty Reform
- expenditure
- export restrictions
- extractive institutions
- extremism
- fake news
- far left
- far right
- farmer strikes
- farming
- fascism
- FDI
- Federal Reserve
- Fidesz Rule
- Finance
- finance policy
- financial centre
- financial crises
- Financial Crisis
- financial growth
- Financial Inclusion
- Financial Innovation
- financial markets
- financial regulation
- financial sanctions
- financial stability
- Fintech
- fiscal
- fiscal challenges
- fiscal conservatism
- fiscal crisis
- fiscal discipline
- fiscal drag
- fiscal flexibility
- fiscal policy
- Fiscal Reform
- fiscal responsibility
- fiscal sustainability
- Fiscal Union
- fiscal-tax
- fiscal-taxation
- fiscal-taxtion
- fishery policy
- fishing oligarchy
- flat-rate tax
- food
- food restrictions
- foreign
- foreign-policy
- fracking
- France
- France DST
- France economic policy
- France policy
- Frédéric Bastiat
- free market
- free market reform
- free markets
- free movement
- free speech
- free trade
- Free Trade Agreement
- Free Trade Agreements
- free-riding
- freedom
- freedom of movement
- French economy
- french pensions
- French public debt
- Friedrich Merz
- frugal four
- FTX
- Furniture Industry
- future
- G7
- GAFAM Tax
- Gatekeepers
- GCC
- GDP
- GDPR
- GDPR data privacy
- GDPR simplification
- gender
- gender equality
- gender pay gap
- general election
- generational
- generational inequality
- geopolitical strategy
- geopolitics
- German debt brake
- German Economy
- German fiscal policy
- Germany
- Germany defense policy
- Germany national debt
- gig economy
- Giorgetti
- global
- global challenges
- global corporation tax
- global drug pricing
- Global Economy
- global freedom
- global south
- Global Trade Competition
- global trade order
- global warming
- globalisation
- globalisation index
- globalization
- GM crops
- GMO paradox
- GMOs
- Gold Reserves
- gold-plating
- goods
- governance
- government
- government intervention
- government spending
- governments
- gowth
- grassroots movement
- Great Prayer Day reform
- greece
- greedflation
- greek crisis
- Greek Economy
- green migration
- green transition
- green transition costs
- greenhouse gas emissions
- Group of Thirty
- growth
- Halldór Laxness
- hamas
- harm reduction
- Harm Reduction Policy
- Hayek
- health
- health policy
- Health-lifestyle
- healthcare
- healthcare accessibility
- healthcare workforce shortage
- hicp
- high speed rail Europe
- housing
- housing crisis
- housing policy
- hybrid work
- hydropower
- Iceland
- ideology
- Illiberal State
- illiberalism
- Illicit Tobacco Trade
- illicit trade
- imf
- immigration
- immigration policy
- impact assessment
- impact assessments
- income
- income inequality
- index
- india
- individual choices
- Industrial Accelerator Act
- industrial policy
- industry
- inequality
- Inflation
- Inflation Hedge
- infrastructure
- infrastructure spending
- inheritance tax
- innovation
- innovation and competition
- innovation gap
- Innovation Policy
- Innovation Stifling
- innovations
- Institute for Market Economics
- Institutional Capture
- Institutional quality
- institutions
- insurance
- Integration
- interest rates
- intergenerational fairness
- intergenerational justice
- internal markets
- internal tariffs
- international law
- international monetary fund
- international relations
- internet
- Interoperability
- interventionism
- interventions
- investing
- investment
- investment climate
- ireland
- ISDS
- isolationist
- israel
- Italian budget law
- Italian politics
- Italy
- Italy pharmaceuticals
- javier milei
- JEFTA
- jobs
- joint borrowing
- joint borrowing risks
- joint EU debt
- junk food
- justice
- Kevin Warsh
- króna
- labour
- labour force
- labour market
- labour markets
- labour migration
- labour policy
- latvia
- law
- Laws
- left wing populism
- left-wing
- Legal certainty
- legislation
- legislative drafting
- legitimacy
- lending
- liberal
- Liberal Democracy
- liberal international order
- liberalisation
- liberalism
- liberty
- licensing laws
- lifestyle
- lifestyle regulation
- lifestyle regulations
- lithuania
- loan
- loans
- lockdown
- London
- low emissions
- low taxes
- low-growth
- low-income
- Luddite politics
- Maastricht Treaty
- maastrict criteria
- manufacturing targets
- Mario Draghi
- market
- market entry barriers
- Market Integration
- market intervention
- market liberalisation
- market liberalism
- market power
- market regulations
- market solutions
- Market Stability Reserve
- marketing
- markets
- measurements
- media
- Mediterranean
- Mercosur
- Mercosur Trade Deal
- merkel
- Meta
- Mette Frederiksen
- MFF
- MiFID II
- migration
- migration crisis
- migration policy
- milei
- military expenditure
- military rearmament
- military spending
- military-industrial complex
- Minimum corporation tax
- minimum wage
- minimun wage
- Mission Creep
- mobile phones
- modern state
- monetary
- Monetary Policy
- money market
- monopolistic abuse
- monopoly
- Morgunblaðið
- Multiannual Financial Framework
- multinationals
- musk
- mutual recognition
- nanny state
- nanny state index
- nanny statism
- national sovereignty
- nationalism
- native workers
- nato
- NATO eastern flank
- NATO rearmament
- natural gas
- negociations
- negotiations
- neocolonialism
- neoliberalism
- net neutrality
- net zero 2050
- net zero strategy
- Netherlands
- NextGenerationEU
- NGO
- nicotine
- nicotine pouches
- Nicotine Pouches Tax
- NIS2
- non-performing loans
- nord
- nord stream
- north-south transfer
- Norway
- nuclear
- nuclear energy
- nuclear power
- nutrition
- oecd
- offshoring
- online
- Online Markets
- online platforms
- Online Privacy
- Open Banking
- open borders
- Open Web
- Orbán Hungary
- ordoliberalism
- organised crime
- organised economy
- OTC liberalisation
- output
- outsourcing
- overregulation
- overspending
- oxfam
- Packaging and Packaging Waste Regulation (PPWR)
- packaging waste
- pandemic
- Paris Agreement
- parliament
- paternalism
- pay as you go system
- payment systems
- peace
- pension funds
- pension reform
- pension reform Denmark
- pension systems
- pensions
- pensions crisis
- permitting reform
- personal freedom
- pharmaceuticals
- pharmacist roles
- Pharmacy First model
- pharmacy reform
- Pigouvian tax
- piketty
- platform
- platform fragmentation
- platform regulation
- Platform security
- platform workers
- poland
- Poland vs Belarus
- polarisation
- policy
- policy makig
- policy making
- policy paper
- policy reform
- policymaking
- political economy
- political instability
- politics
- Politics and Central Banking
- populism
- populist parties
- portugal
- post
- post-communist transition
- poverty
- president
- price caps
- price stability
- pricing
- primary market
- principles of trade
- privacy
- privacy and data protection
- Privacy Concerns
- private
- private investment
- privatisation
- Product Design Rules
- Production Tax
- profit
- progress
- prosperity
- protectionism
- public accounts
- public administration
- public choice theory
- public debt
- public entitlement
- public finance
- public finance reforms
- public finance sustainability
- public finances
- public h
- public health
- public health policy
- Public Health Regulation
- public investment
- public policy
- public protests
- public sector
- public spending France
- putin
- Putin threat
- quality of life
- Quantitative Easing
- radical
- rail investment
- ratios
- recommendation
- recycling
- red tape
- redistribution
- referendum
- reform
- refugee
- refugees
- regulation
- regulations
- Regulatory Burden
- regulatory burden reduction
- regulatory costs
- regulatory enforcement
- regulatory inflation
- regulatory quality
- regulatory reform
- Regulatory Simplification
- remote work
- renewable energy
- rent
- rent control
- rent-seeking
- rental market
- research
- research costs
- reselling
- restrictions
- retail competition
- retirement savings
- reuse
- revolution
- right wing populism
- right-wing politics
- rights
- risk management
- Risk-Proportionate Taxation
- robot tax
- robots
- Romania
- Romania defense industry
- ROMARM privatization
- rule of law
- russia
- Russia sanctions
- Russian gas
- salaries
- sanctions
- Scandinavia
- scarcity
- Schengen
- Schuldenbremse
- science
- scotland
- sea policy
- Search engines
- secession
- secondary markets
- sector-specific regulation
- security
- selective incentives
- Semiconductors
- SEPA
- seperatism
- services
- shadow economy
- shadow markets
- shared EU debt
- shareholders
- sharing economy
- shein
- shock therapy
- short-term rentals
- Sideloading
- Simplification Agenda
- sin tax
- sin taxes
- single market
- single market integration
- SIPRI data
- Slovak economy
- Slovakia
- Slovakia healthcare
- Small Business Regulation
- small modular reactors
- SME barriers
- SME regulation
- SME Relief Package
- SMEs
- SMEs and Innovation
- smoking
- smoking cessation
- snus
- social contribution
- social media
- social mobility
- social security
- socialism
- society
- solar energy
- sovereign debt
- sovereignty
- space
- spain
- Spain policy
- specialization
- spending
- stability
- stagnation
- stakeholder consultation
- startups and scaleups
- state
- state aid
- state budget 2026
- state control
- state funding
- state intervention
- state paternalism
- state spending
- state welfare
- state-enforced
- state-owned enterprises
- statutory
- stock market
- stream
- subsidiarity
- subsidiarity and proportionality
- subsidies
- subsidys
- sugar tax
- surveys
- sustainability
- sweden
- Swedish pension model
- Switzerland
- TAP
- TAP 2024
- tariff
- tarrifs
- Tax
- Tax administration
- tax avoidance
- Tax Burden Shift
- Tax Cartel
- Tax competitiveness
- tax compliance
- tax evasion
- tax harmonisation
- tax increases
- Tax policy
- tax rate
- taxation
- Taxation Omnibus
- taxation policy
- taxes
- taxi
- taxis
- taxonomy
- tech
- tech giant
- Tech Giant Taxes
- tech giants
- tech policy
- Tech regulation
- tech sector
- Tech Sovereignty
- tech-digital
- tech-digitalisation
- technological innovation
- technological neutrality
- technology
- Technology Regulation
- technology-and-digital
- telecoms
- temu
- TEN-T
- terrorism
- the left
- thinktank
- threat
- tickets
- Timbro Authoritarian Populism Index
- Timbro Authoritarian Populism Index 2024
- tobacco
- tobacco policies
- Tobacco Products Directive
- tobacco regulation
- tobacco taxation
- Tobacco Taxation Directive
- trade
- trade barriers
- trade deal
- trade impact
- Trade Liberalisation
- Trade Liberalization
- trade policy
- trade tarrifs
- trade tensions
- trade war
- trade wars
- transaction costs
- transatlantic
- transatlantic relations
- transformations
- transport economics
- travel
- treaty compliance
- trump
- Trump Retaliation
- Trump tariffs
- TTIP
- turkey
- U.S.-China relations
- Uber
- uk
- UK policy
- UK-EU
- UK-EU relations
- ukraine
- Ukraine war
- unemployment
- Union
- united kingdom
- united states presidental election
- Unites Kingdom
- universal
- universal basic income
- university
- unsustainable
- Ursula von der Leyen
- US
- US healthcare
- US Tax War
- US-EU deal 2025
- US–EU tensions
- USA
- USA policy
- vaccine
- vaccine mandate
- Valdis Dombrovskis
- value chains
- vaping
- vaping bans
- venture capital
- vestager
- Vietnam
- visa
- Von der Leyen Commission
- voter support
- voting
- wage disparities
- Wealth Creation
- wealth distribution
- web tax
- welfare
- welfare state
- welfare state crisis
- What is Seen and Unseen
- WHO best buys
- wind energy
- windfall tax
- work from home
- world
- world politics
- WTO reform
- x
- X Twitter fine
- youth employment
- Youth Mobility Scheme
July 22, 2026
ETS reform and new electrification goals show how industrial policy keeps crowding out environmental goals.
Do you like it?
September 23, 2025
Published by IBL on September 23, 2025
Categories
As the EU prepares to fully implement its Carbon Border Adjustment Mechanism (CBAM) in January 2026, concerns are mounting that this flagship climate policy could backfire, increasing costs for European businesses and consumers while sparking international trade disputes.
Do you like it?