January 29, 2025
At €3.228 trillion, France’s debt has reached unprecedented levels, equating to 112% of GDP – far above the 60% cap set by European rules.
- Filter by
- Categories
- Tags
- Authors
- Show all
- All
- Agriculture Publications
- Blog
- Briefings
- Digital Briefings
- Digital Publications
- Energy & Environment Briefings
- Energy & Environment Publications
- Finance Briefings
- Finance Publications
- Fiscal & Taxation Briefings
- Fiscal & Taxation Publications
- Foreign Policy Briefings
- Foreign Policy Publications
- Health & Lifestyle Briefings
- Health & Lifestyle Publications
- Media
- Publications
- Regulation Briefings
- Regulation Publications
- Rule of Law Briefings
- Rule of Law Publications
- Trade Briefings
- Trade Publications
- All
- 5G
- accession
- advertising
- advocacy
- Afghanistan
- Africa
- agreements
- agriculture
- AI
- aid
- alcohol
- alcohol taxes
- alt-right
- america
- annual revenue
- anti-democratic
- antitrust
- Apple
- argentina
- arms industry
- arti
- artificial intelligence
- Artificial Intelligence Act
- association agreement
- asylum
- austerity
- australasian
- australia
- authoritarian
- authoritarian populism
- authoritarianism
- automobiles
- aviation
- bailouts
- Balkans
- baltics
- bank
- bank system
- banking
- banking systems
- bans
- barriers
- barriers to trade
- behavioral economics
- behaviour
- Big Data
- big tech
- billionaires
- biodiversity
- bitcoin
- Black Friday
- black market
- Black Sea gas
- blockchain
- bonds
- book review
- borders
- breton
- brexit
- British economy
- budget
- budget deficit
- Bulgaria
- Bulgaria military budget
- Bundesbank
- bureaucracy
- bureaucracy index
- Bureaucracy Reduction
- Bureaucratic Reform
- business
- Business Regulation
- business regulations
- business-friendly countries
- CAP
- CAP budget
- cap subsidies
- capital markets
- capitalism
- capitalization
- Carbon Border Adjustment Mechanism
- carbon capture
- carbon tax
- cash
- cash flows
- catalonia
- CBAM
- cbcd
- CDU/CSU
- CEE
- Central and Eastern Europe
- central bank
- central bank digital currency
- Central Banking
- centralisation
- CETA
- chargers
- china
- CIT
- classical liberal international relations
- classical liberalism
- clean energy
- climate
- climate anxiety
- climate change
- climate crisis
- climate economics
- climate policy
- Co-operation
- CO2
- coalition
- cohesion policy
- Cold War
- commerce
- Commission
- commission fees
- common agricultural policy
- common market
- competition
- competition law
- Competition policy
- competitiveness
- competitiveness index
- constitution
- consumer rights
- consumers
- consumption
- cooperation
- copyright
- coronavirus
- corporate tax
- corporation tax
- corporations
- cost of living
- cost of living crisis
- costs
- COVID
- COVID-19
- credit
- crises
- crisis
- Croatia
- crops
- crypto
- cryptocurrency
- culture
- culture wars
- currency
- Currency Reserves
- customers
- customs union
- cyber security
- cybersecurity
- cyprus
- Czech Republic
- data
- Data privacy
- data protection
- debt
- decarbonisation
- decentralisation
- decentralized finance
- decolonisation
- defence
- defence investment
- defence policy
- defense escape clause
- defense investment
- deflation
- democracy
- democratic peace theory
- denmark
- dependency
- dependency trap
- deregulation
- development
- dictatorship
- diet
- Digital
- Digital Economy
- digital euro
- Digital Gold
- digital marekts
- digital markets
- digital markets act
- digital regulation
- digital revolution
- digital sector
- Digital Services Act
- digitalisation
- Directives
- director
- discrimination
- DMA
- dollar
- dollarisation
- domestic
- donald trump
- driverless cars
- drugs
- e-cigarettes
- ECB
- ecj
- economic analysis
- Economic Challenges
- Economic Competitiveness
- economic crises
- economic crisis
- economic decline
- economic freedom
- economic growth
- economic migrants
- economic performance
- economic policy
- Economic Reforms
- economic theory
- economics
- economy
- education
- egovernance
- elections
- electric cars
- emergency
- emissions
- emissions trading
- employment
- employment flexibility
- employment protection
- energy
- energy competition
- energy crisis
- energy imports
- energy market
- energy markets
- energy policy
- energy security
- energy taxation
- Energy Union
- energy-environment
- enlargement
- enterprise
- entrepreneurship
- environment
- environmental
- environmental policy
- EP
- epicenter
- epicenter. hayek
- equality
- equity market
- ESG
- Estonia
- ethics
- ETS reform
- EU
- EU agriculture policy
- EU banking
- Eu budget
- EU Commission
- EU Competitiveness
- EU defense spending
- EU deficit rules
- EU digital
- EU Economic Growth
- EU economy
- EU elections
- EU energy
- EU energy policy
- EU environmental policy
- EU finance
- EU finance policy
- EU fishing
- EU foreign policy
- EU growth
- EU industry
- EU integration
- EU labour
- EU market
- EU membership
- EU migration
- EU monetary policy
- EU policy
- EU politics
- EU refugees
- EU relations
- EU sanctions
- eu tax
- EU tech
- EU tech policy
- EU trade
- EU trade policy
- EU workers
- EU-Africa
- eu-asia
- EU-Australia
- eu-china
- EU-india
- eu-japan
- EU-Mercosur
- EU-Russia
- EU-UK
- EU-USA
- eu27
- Eurasia
- euro
- europe
- Europe rankings
- European Central Bank
- European Chips Act
- European Commission
- European Council
- european court
- European defence
- European economy
- European fiscal policy
- European Parliament
- European Payments
- European security
- european single market
- European Union
- euroscepticism
- Eurozone
- EV
- evidence
- evidence-based
- exchange
- exchange rate
- expenditure
- export restrictions
- extremism
- fake news
- far left
- far right
- farmer strikes
- farming
- fascism
- FDI
- Finance
- finance policy
- financial centre
- financial crises
- financial growth
- Financial Inclusion
- Financial Innovation
- financial markets
- financial regulation
- financial sanctions
- financial stability
- Fintech
- fiscal
- fiscal drag
- fiscal flexibility
- fiscal policy
- Fiscal Reform
- Fiscal Union
- fiscal-tax
- fiscal-taxation
- fishery policy
- food
- food restrictions
- foreign
- foreign-policy
- fracking
- France
- France policy
- free market
- free markets
- free movement
- free speech
- free trade
- Free Trade Agreements
- free-riding
- freedom
- freedom of movement
- french pensions
- Friedrich Merz
- FTX
- future
- G7
- Gatekeepers
- GCC
- GDP
- GDPR
- gender
- gender equality
- gender pay gap
- general election
- generational
- geopolitics
- German debt brake
- German Economy
- German fiscal policy
- Germany
- Germany defense policy
- gig economy
- global
- global challenges
- global corporation tax
- Global Economy
- global freedom
- global south
- global warming
- globalisation
- globalisation index
- globalization
- GM crops
- GMO paradox
- GMOs
- Gold Reserves
- goods
- governance
- government
- government intervention
- government spending
- governments
- gowth
- grassroots movement
- greece
- greedflation
- greek crisis
- green migration
- green transition
- growth
- hamas
- Hayek
- health
- health policy
- Health-lifestyle
- healthcare
- hicp
- housing
- housing crisis
- housing policy
- hybrid work
- ideology
- illiberalism
- imf
- immigration
- immigration policy
- income
- income inequality
- index
- india
- individual choices
- industrial policy
- industry
- inequality
- Inflation
- Inflation Hedge
- infrastructure
- inheritance tax
- innovation
- Innovation Policy
- innovations
- institutions
- insurance
- Integration
- interest rates
- internal markets
- international monetary fund
- international relations
- internet
- Interoperability
- interventionism
- interventions
- investing
- investment
- investment climate
- ireland
- ISDS
- isolationist
- israel
- Italy
- javier milei
- JEFTA
- jobs
- junk food
- justice
- labour
- labour force
- labour market
- labour markets
- labour migration
- labour policy
- latvia
- law
- Laws
- left wing populism
- left-wing
- legislation
- legitimacy
- lending
- liberal
- liberal international order
- liberalisation
- liberalism
- liberty
- lifestyle
- lifestyle regulation
- lifestyle regulations
- lithuania
- loan
- loans
- lockdown
- London
- low emissions
- low-growth
- low-income
- maastrict criteria
- market
- Market Integration
- market intervention
- market liberalisation
- market power
- market regulations
- market solutions
- marketing
- markets
- measurements
- media
- Mediterranean
- Mercosur
- merkel
- Meta
- migration
- migration crisis
- migration policy
- milei
- military expenditure
- military spending
- military-industrial complex
- Minimum corporation tax
- minimum wage
- minimun wage
- mobile phones
- modern state
- monetary
- Monetary Policy
- money market
- monopolistic abuse
- monopoly
- multinationals
- musk
- nanny state
- nanny state index
- nanny statism
- nationalism
- native workers
- nato
- natural gas
- negociations
- negotiations
- neocolonialism
- neoliberalism
- net neutrality
- Netherlands
- NGO
- nicotine
- non-performing loans
- nord
- nord stream
- Norway
- nuclear
- nuclear energy
- nuclear power
- nutrition
- oecd
- online
- online platforms
- Open Banking
- open borders
- ordoliberalism
- output
- outsourcing
- overregulation
- overspending
- oxfam
- pandemic
- parliament
- paternalism
- peace
- pension reform
- pension systems
- pensions
- personal freedom
- piketty
- platform
- Platform security
- platform workers
- poland
- polarisation
- policy
- policy makig
- policy making
- policy paper
- policy reform
- policymaking
- politics
- populism
- populist parties
- portugal
- post
- poverty
- president
- price caps
- price stability
- pricing
- primary market
- principles of trade
- privacy
- Privacy Concerns
- private
- private investment
- privatisation
- profit
- progress
- prosperity
- protectionism
- public accounts
- public administration
- public choice theory
- public debt
- public entitlement
- public h
- public health
- public health policy
- public investment
- public policy
- public sector
- putin
- quality of life
- Quantitative Easing
- radical
- ratios
- recommendation
- red tape
- redistribution
- referendum
- reform
- refugee
- refugees
- regulation
- regulations
- Regulatory Burden
- regulatory reform
- remote work
- renewable energy
- rent
- rent control
- rental market
- research
- reselling
- restrictions
- retail competition
- revolution
- right wing populism
- right-wing politics
- rights
- risk management
- robot tax
- robots
- Romania
- rule of law
- russia
- Russia sanctions
- Russian gas
- salaries
- sanctions
- Scandinavia
- scarcity
- Schengen
- Schuldenbremse
- science
- scotland
- sea policy
- secession
- secondary markets
- security
- selective incentives
- SEPA
- seperatism
- services
- shadow economy
- shadow markets
- shareholders
- sharing economy
- shein
- Sideloading
- sin tax
- sin taxes
- single market
- SIPRI data
- Slovak economy
- Slovakia
- small modular reactors
- smoking
- social contribution
- social media
- social mobility
- social security
- socialism
- society
- sovereignty
- space
- spain
- Spain policy
- specialization
- spending
- stability
- stagnation
- state
- state aid
- state control
- state funding
- state intervention
- state paternalism
- state spending
- state welfare
- state-enforced
- statutory
- stock market
- stream
- subsidies
- subsidys
- sugar tax
- surveys
- sustainability
- sweden
- Switzerland
- TAP
- TAP 2024
- tariff
- tarrifs
- Tax
- tax avoidance
- tax rate
- taxation
- taxation policy
- taxes
- taxi
- taxis
- taxonomy
- tech
- tech giant
- tech giants
- tech policy
- Tech regulation
- tech sector
- Tech Sovereignty
- tech-digital
- technological neutrality
- technology
- technology-and-digital
- telecoms
- temu
- terrorism
- the left
- thinktank
- threat
- tickets
- Timbro Authoritarian Populism Index
- Timbro Authoritarian Populism Index 2024
- tobacco
- tobacco policies
- trade
- trade barriers
- trade deal
- trade impact
- Trade Liberalisation
- trade policy
- trade tarrifs
- trade war
- trade wars
- transaction costs
- transatlantic
- transformations
- travel
- trump
- TTIP
- turkey
- U.S.-China relations
- Uber
- uk
- UK policy
- UK-EU
- UK-EU relations
- ukraine
- Ukraine war
- unemployment
- Union
- united kingdom
- united states presidental election
- Unites Kingdom
- universal
- universal basic income
- university
- unsustainable
- Ursula von der Leyen
- US
- USA
- USA policy
- vaccine
- vaccine mandate
- Valdis Dombrovskis
- value chains
- vaping
- vaping bans
- vestager
- Vietnam
- visa
- voter support
- voting
- wage disparities
- Wealth Creation
- wealth distribution
- web tax
- welfare
- welfare state
- windfall tax
- work from home
- world
- world politics
- x
- youth employment
- Youth Mobility Scheme