December 10, 2025
This paper examines the European Commission’s proposal for an optional “28th Regime”, a single, EU-wide corporate framework intended to reduce regulatory fragmentation and strengthen Europe’s competitiveness.
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- defence policy
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- defense escape clause
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- denmark
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- dependency trap
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- Deregulation Europe
- deregulation Regulatory Laffer Curve Regulatory Impact Assessments
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- Digital Code
- digital competition
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- digital euro
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- Digital Gold
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- digital markets act
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- digital regulation
- digital revolution
- digital sector
- Digital Services Act
- Digital Sovereignty
- Digital Taxation
- digitalisation
- Directives
- director
- discrimination
- DMA
- dollar
- dollarisation
- domestic
- donald trump
- Donald Trump tariffs
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- drug prices
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- electricity prices
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- emissions trading
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- employment
- employment flexibility
- employment protection
- energy
- energy competition
- Energy Competitiveness
- energy crisis
- energy imports
- energy market
- Energy Market Reform
- energy markets
- energy policy
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- european single market
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- evidence
- evidence based policy
- evidence-based
- evidence-based policymaking
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- fiscal challenges
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- fiscal crisis
- fiscal discipline
- fiscal drag
- fiscal flexibility
- fiscal policy
- Fiscal Reform
- fiscal responsibility
- fiscal sustainability
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- fiscal-taxation
- fiscal-taxtion
- fishery policy
- flat-rate tax
- food
- food restrictions
- foreign
- foreign-policy
- fracking
- France
- France DST
- France economic policy
- France policy
- Frédéric Bastiat
- free market
- free market reform
- free markets
- free movement
- free speech
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- Free Trade Agreement
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- free-riding
- freedom
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- French economy
- french pensions
- French public debt
- Friedrich Merz
- frugal four
- FTX
- future
- G7
- GAFAM Tax
- Gatekeepers
- GCC
- GDP
- GDPR
- GDPR data privacy
- GDPR simplification
- gender
- gender equality
- gender pay gap
- general election
- generational
- generational inequality
- geopolitical strategy
- geopolitics
- German debt brake
- German Economy
- German fiscal policy
- Germany
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- gig economy
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- global corporation tax
- global drug pricing
- Global Economy
- global freedom
- global south
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- global trade order
- global warming
- globalisation
- globalisation index
- globalization
- GM crops
- GMO paradox
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- Gold Reserves
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- government
- government intervention
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- green transition costs
- greenhouse gas emissions
- Group of Thirty
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- Harm Reduction Policy
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- illiberalism
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- income
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- index
- india
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- industrial policy
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- Inflation Hedge
- infrastructure
- infrastructure spending
- inheritance tax
- innovation
- innovation and competition
- innovation gap
- Innovation Policy
- innovations
- Institute for Market Economics
- Institutional Capture
- Institutional quality
- institutions
- insurance
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- interest rates
- intergenerational fairness
- intergenerational justice
- internal markets
- internal tariffs
- international law
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- internet
- Interoperability
- interventionism
- interventions
- investing
- investment
- investment climate
- ireland
- ISDS
- isolationist
- israel
- Italian budget law
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- Italy
- Italy pharmaceuticals
- javier milei
- JEFTA
- jobs
- joint borrowing
- joint borrowing risks
- joint EU debt
- junk food
- justice
- Kevin Warsh
- labour
- labour force
- labour market
- labour markets
- labour migration
- labour policy
- latvia
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- left wing populism
- left-wing
- Legal certainty
- legislation
- legislative drafting
- legitimacy
- lending
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- lifestyle regulation
- lifestyle regulations
- lithuania
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- low-growth
- low-income
- Luddite politics
- Maastricht Treaty
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- Mario Draghi
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- market entry barriers
- Market Integration
- market intervention
- market liberalisation
- market power
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- market solutions
- Market Stability Reserve
- marketing
- markets
- measurements
- media
- Mediterranean
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- Mercosur Trade Deal
- merkel
- Meta
- Mette Frederiksen
- MFF
- MiFID II
- migration
- migration crisis
- migration policy
- milei
- military expenditure
- military rearmament
- military spending
- military-industrial complex
- Minimum corporation tax
- minimum wage
- minimun wage
- Mission Creep
- mobile phones
- modern state
- monetary
- Monetary Policy
- money market
- monopolistic abuse
- monopoly
- Multiannual Financial Framework
- multinationals
- musk
- mutual recognition
- nanny state
- nanny state index
- nanny statism
- national sovereignty
- nationalism
- native workers
- nato
- NATO eastern flank
- NATO rearmament
- natural gas
- negociations
- negotiations
- neocolonialism
- neoliberalism
- net neutrality
- net zero 2050
- net zero strategy
- Netherlands
- NextGenerationEU
- NGO
- nicotine
- Nicotine Pouches Tax
- NIS2
- non-performing loans
- nord
- nord stream
- north-south transfer
- Norway
- nuclear
- nuclear energy
- nuclear power
- nutrition
- oecd
- offshoring
- online
- Online Markets
- online platforms
- Open Banking
- open borders
- Orbán Hungary
- ordoliberalism
- organised crime
- OTC liberalisation
- output
- outsourcing
- overregulation
- overspending
- oxfam
- pandemic
- Paris Agreement
- parliament
- paternalism
- pay as you go system
- payment systems
- peace
- pension funds
- pension reform
- pension reform Denmark
- pension systems
- pensions
- pensions crisis
- personal freedom
- pharmaceuticals
- pharmacist roles
- Pharmacy First model
- pharmacy reform
- Pigouvian tax
- piketty
- platform
- platform fragmentation
- platform regulation
- Platform security
- platform workers
- poland
- Poland vs Belarus
- polarisation
- policy
- policy makig
- policy making
- policy paper
- policy reform
- policymaking
- political economy
- political instability
- politics
- Politics and Central Banking
- populism
- populist parties
- portugal
- post
- post-communist transition
- poverty
- president
- price caps
- price stability
- pricing
- primary market
- principles of trade
- privacy
- privacy and data protection
- Privacy Concerns
- private
- private investment
- privatisation
- Production Tax
- profit
- progress
- prosperity
- protectionism
- public accounts
- public administration
- public choice theory
- public debt
- public entitlement
- public finance
- public finance reforms
- public finance sustainability
- public finances
- public h
- public health
- public health policy
- Public Health Regulation
- public investment
- public policy
- public protests
- public sector
- public spending France
- putin
- Putin threat
- quality of life
- Quantitative Easing
- radical
- rail investment
- ratios
- recommendation
- red tape
- redistribution
- referendum
- reform
- refugee
- refugees
- regulation
- regulations
- Regulatory Burden
- regulatory burden reduction
- regulatory costs
- regulatory enforcement
- regulatory inflation
- regulatory quality
- regulatory reform
- Regulatory Simplification
- remote work
- renewable energy
- rent
- rent control
- rent-seeking
- rental market
- research
- research costs
- reselling
- restrictions
- retail competition
- retirement savings
- revolution
- right wing populism
- right-wing politics
- rights
- risk management
- Risk-Proportionate Taxation
- robot tax
- robots
- Romania
- Romania defense industry
- ROMARM privatization
- rule of law
- russia
- Russia sanctions
- Russian gas
- salaries
- sanctions
- Scandinavia
- scarcity
- Schengen
- Schuldenbremse
- science
- scotland
- sea policy
- secession
- secondary markets
- sector-specific regulation
- security
- selective incentives
- SEPA
- seperatism
- services
- shadow economy
- shadow markets
- shared EU debt
- shareholders
- sharing economy
- shein
- shock therapy
- short-term rentals
- Sideloading
- Simplification Agenda
- sin tax
- sin taxes
- single market
- single market integration
- SIPRI data
- Slovak economy
- Slovakia
- Slovakia healthcare
- small modular reactors
- SME barriers
- SME regulation
- SME Relief Package
- SMEs
- SMEs and Innovation
- smoking
- snus
- social contribution
- social media
- social mobility
- social security
- socialism
- society
- solar energy
- sovereign debt
- sovereignty
- space
- spain
- Spain policy
- specialization
- spending
- stability
- stagnation
- stakeholder consultation
- startups and scaleups
- state
- state aid
- state budget 2026
- state control
- state funding
- state intervention
- state paternalism
- state spending
- state welfare
- state-enforced
- state-owned enterprises
- statutory
- stock market
- stream
- subsidiarity
- subsidiarity and proportionality
- subsidies
- subsidys
- sugar tax
- surveys
- sustainability
- sweden
- Swedish pension model
- Switzerland
- TAP
- TAP 2024
- tariff
- tarrifs
- Tax
- Tax administration
- tax avoidance
- Tax Burden Shift
- Tax Cartel
- Tax competitiveness
- tax evasion
- tax increases
- Tax policy
- tax rate
- taxation
- taxation policy
- taxes
- taxi
- taxis
- taxonomy
- tech
- tech giant
- Tech Giant Taxes
- tech giants
- tech policy
- Tech regulation
- tech sector
- Tech Sovereignty
- tech-digital
- tech-digitalisation
- technological innovation
- technological neutrality
- technology
- technology-and-digital
- telecoms
- temu
- TEN-T
- terrorism
- the left
- thinktank
- threat
- tickets
- Timbro Authoritarian Populism Index
- Timbro Authoritarian Populism Index 2024
- tobacco
- tobacco policies
- tobacco taxation
- Tobacco Taxation Directive
- trade
- trade barriers
- trade deal
- trade impact
- Trade Liberalisation
- Trade Liberalization
- trade policy
- trade tarrifs
- trade tensions
- trade war
- trade wars
- transaction costs
- transatlantic
- transatlantic relations
- transformations
- transport economics
- travel
- treaty compliance
- trump
- Trump Retaliation
- Trump tariffs
- TTIP
- turkey
- U.S.-China relations
- Uber
- uk
- UK policy
- UK-EU
- UK-EU relations
- ukraine
- Ukraine war
- unemployment
- Union
- united kingdom
- united states presidental election
- Unites Kingdom
- universal
- universal basic income
- university
- unsustainable
- Ursula von der Leyen
- US
- US healthcare
- US Tax War
- US-EU deal 2025
- US–EU tensions
- USA
- USA policy
- vaccine
- vaccine mandate
- Valdis Dombrovskis
- value chains
- vaping
- vaping bans
- venture capital
- vestager
- Vietnam
- visa
- Von der Leyen Commission
- voter support
- voting
- wage disparities
- Wealth Creation
- wealth distribution
- web tax
- welfare
- welfare state
- welfare state crisis
- What is Seen and Unseen
- WHO best buys
- wind energy
- windfall tax
- work from home
- world
- world politics
- WTO reform
- x
- X Twitter fine
- youth employment
- Youth Mobility Scheme
July 30, 2025
The unintended, but so far most relevant, consequence of Trumpian protectionism has been to make us realise that protectionism does not suit us.
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